Dans le r\u00e9gime lib\u00e9ral, la primaut\u00e9 du march\u00e9 dans l\u2019articulation des m\u00e9canismes de protection sociale est \u00e0 la base de la faible \u00e9tendue des droits de d\u00e9marchandisation. L\u2019\u00c9tat intervient dans une optique de r\u00e9sidualit\u00e9 en ciblant les acteurs et les groupes sociaux dont les liens avec le march\u00e9 sont les plus effrit\u00e9s ou dissous.<\/p>\n
L\u2019\u00c9tat consent \u00e0 octroyer une assistance minimale \u00e0 ceux qui sont en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie du march\u00e9 du travail et qui sont le plus dans le besoin, exigeant dans bien des cas une d\u00e9monstration des besoins et des ressources des prestataires.<\/p>\n
La protection sociale s\u2019inscrit \u00e0 cet effet dans une tradition de means-testing selon laquelle les prestations octroy\u00e9es sont ajust\u00e9es proportionnellement aux besoins des prestataires: \u00abMeans-testing implies that the claimant of a benefit may be disqualified for the benefit if her or his property or wealth exceeds a certain limit, or receive the benefit at a reduced rate if the property or wealth is small.\u00bb L\u2019architecture de la protection sociale est plut\u00f4t minimaliste\u00a0: les taux de remplacement des transferts publics (assurance-ch\u00f4mage, pensions, etc.) sont tr\u00e8s faibles et assurent un minimum de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 aux prestataires qui y ont acc\u00e8s.<\/p>\n
L\u2019\u00c9tat encourage le recours \u00e0 des mesures de protection sociale priv\u00e9es et a une pr\u00e9sence relativement effac\u00e9e. La confiance dans le march\u00e9 propre \u00e0 ce r\u00e9gime s\u2019inscrit dans la pens\u00e9e lib\u00e9rale qui conforte l\u2019individualisme, comme le souligne Esping-Andersen\u00a0:<\/p>\n
\u00ab The general assumption in liberalism is that the market is emancipatory, the best possible shell for self-reliance and industriousness. If not interfered with, its self-regulatory mechanisms will ensure that all who want to work will be employed, and thus be able to secure their own welfare. Private life may be wrought with insecurity, danger, and poverty and helplessness is in principle not unlikely to occur. Yet, this is not a fault of the system, but solely a consequence of an individual\u2019s lack of foresight and thrift.\u00bb<\/p>\n
L\u2019importance des mesures priv\u00e9es de protection sociale dans le r\u00e9gime lib\u00e9ral tend \u00e0 renforcer les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales et donne forme \u00e0 une stratification sociale qui est \u00e0 la mesure de la stratification dans le march\u00e9:<\/p>\n
\u00ab Bargained or contracted private welfare will logically replicate market inequalities, but is also guaranteed to prevail mainly among the more privileged strata in the labour force; it will certainly not address the welfare needs of the most precariously-placed workers.\u00bb<\/p>\n
En somme, le r\u00e9gime lib\u00e9ral est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une stratification fond\u00e9e essentiellement sur les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s du march\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Dans les pays lib\u00e9raux, les politiques sociales relatives \u00e0 la famille sont plut\u00f4t passives. Dans une optique de r\u00e9sidualit\u00e9, l\u2019\u00c9tat accorde de maigres prestations aux familles les plus n\u00e9cessiteuses et met tr\u00e8s peu (ou pas du tout) de services \u00e0 la disposition des familles et des a\u00een\u00e9s. La plupart des familles sont appel\u00e9es \u00e0 se tourner vers le march\u00e9, notamment pour les services de garde et les centres d\u2019h\u00e9bergement pour personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es.<\/p>\n
Le peu de mesures destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la famille p\u00e8se lourd sur les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales\u00a0: les familles monoparentales et celles dont les revenus se situent tout juste au dessus des seuils requis pour l\u2019octroi de prestations doivent composer avec tr\u00e8s peu de ressources pour assurer leur bien-\u00eatre. La primaut\u00e9 et la centralit\u00e9 du march\u00e9 dans les pays lib\u00e9raux font de l\u2019int\u00e9gration au march\u00e9 du travail le vecteur de l\u2019int\u00e9gration sociale.<\/p>\n
Ceci peut expliquer que malgr\u00e9 le peu de mesures offertes aux familles, les femmes sont largement pr\u00e9sentes sur le march\u00e9 du travail, au m\u00eame titre que dans les pays sociaux-d\u00e9mocrates. Sans pour autant renforcer le mod\u00e8le de l\u2019homme gagne-pain et de la femme-m\u00e9nag\u00e8re, la r\u00e9sidualit\u00e9 et la passivit\u00e9 des politiques familiales ne tendent pas \u00e0 collectiviser le poids des responsabilit\u00e9s domestiques des familles, notamment celles des femmes.<\/p>\n
J. Stephens (1996) \u00abThe Scandinavian Welfare States: Achievements, Crisis, and Prospects\u00bb, dans G. Esping-Andersen (ed.) Welfare States in Transition: national adaptations in global economies, London, Sage Publications, p.36<\/p>\n
P. Abrahamson (1999) \u00abThe Scandinavian Model of Welfare: Comparing Social Welfare Systems in Nordic Europe and France\u00bb, dans Rencontres et recherches, vol. 4, p.45<\/p>\n
G. Esping-Andersen (1991), op. cit., p.23<\/p>\n
A. Leira (1999). \u00ab\u2020Cash-for-childcare and daddy leave\u2020\u00bb, dans P. Moss et F. Deven (\u00e9d.) Parental Leave\u2020: Progress or Pitfall\u2020? Research and Policy Issues in Europe. Bruxelles, NIDI CBGS Publications, p.275<\/p>\n
J. Kvist (1999) \u00abWelfare Reform in the Nordic Countries in the 1990s: Using Fuzzy-Set Theory to Assess Conformity to Ideal Types\u00bb, dans Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 9, no.3, p.240<\/p>\n
G.B. Eydal (2003) \u00abPolitiques de la petite enfance dans les pays nordiques\u00bb, dans RIAC \u2013 Lien social et politiques, 50, p.167<\/p>\n
W. Korpi et J. Palme (1998) \u00abThe Paradox of Redistributing and Strategie of Equality : Welfare State, Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries\u00bb, dans American Sociological Review, vol.63, no.5, p.662<\/p>\n
G. Esping-Andersen (1991), op. cit., p.42<\/p>\n
Ibid., p.64<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
En ce sens, l\u2019articulation travail\/famille se fait plus difficilement que dans les pays sociaux-d\u00e9mocrates, du moins pour les familles qui ne disposent pas de revenus suffisants.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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